Ideology of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Belief system of Pakistan Essay The belief system of Pakistan comes from the intuition of the Muslim people group of South Asia to keep up their distinction by opposing all endeavors by the Hindu society to retain it. Muslims of South Asia accept that Islam and Hinduism are two religions, yet additionally two social requests that have brought forth two unmistakable societies without any likenesses. The philosophy of Pakistan came to fruition through a transformative procedure. Authentic experience gave the base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started the time of Muslim self-arousing; Allama Iqbal gave the philosophical clarification; Quaid-I-Azam made an interpretation of it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legitimate approval. It was because of the acknowledgment of Muslims of South Asia that they are unique in relation to the Hindus that they requested separate electorates. At the point when they understood that their future in a Democratic India ruled by Hindu larger part was undependable; they set forward their interest for a different state. As right on time as in the start of the eleventh century, Al-Biruni saw that Hindus varied from the Muslims in all issues and propensities. He further expounded his contention by composing that the Hindus considered Muslims Mlachha, or sullied. What's more, they disallow having any association with them, be it intermarriage or some other obligation of relationship. They even abstain from sitting, eating and drinking with them, since they feel contaminated. Peruse more: Political Issues in Pakistan The Ideology of Pakistan has its underlying foundations somewhere down ever. The historical backdrop of South Asia is to a great extent a past filled with contention and strife between the Hindus and Muslims of the district. The two networks have been living respectively in a similar region since the mid eighth century, since the appearance of Islam in India. However, the two have neglected to create amicable relations. At the outset, one could discover the Muslims and Hindus battling for incomparability in the war zone. Beginning with the war between Muhammad container Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, outfitted clashes among Hindus and Muslims run in thousands. Conflicts between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are take these examples. At the point when the Hindus of South Asia neglected to set up Hindu Padshahi through power, they settled on indirect access tricks. Bhakti Movement, Akbar’s redirection. Belief system OF PAKISTAN WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY? †¢ A political philosophy is an arrangement of convictions that clarifies and legitimizes a favored political request, either existing or proposed and offers a procedure (Institution, forms, program) for its achievement. †¢ A philosophy offers a translation of the past, clarification of the present and a dream of things to come †¢ Ideology is an allowance of faith based expectations, qualities and goals of a gathering and a country. It is profoundly imbued in the social cognizance of the individuals. †¢ It is a lot of standards, a structure of activity and direction framework that provides request and importance to life and human activity. HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES †¢ When thinking about a country or a social gathering is dismissed. †¢ A philosophy rises when individuals feel emphatically that they are being abused under a current request, when their status is compromised by key changes happening in the general public, and when the common belief system no longer fulfills them †¢ STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTION o Consciousness o Analysis of current circumstance o Creating new reasoning o Legitimate †De-real o Role of Leadership Significance OF IDEOLOGY †¢ It is a spurring power †¢ It gives a typical plate structure.

General Educations Writing Essay Example

General Educations Writing Essay Example General Educations Writing Essay General Educations Writing Essay Composed Communications is one of my shortcomings since I make some hard memories figuring out how to form functions that apply the right structures of an organization which Is cognizant paragraphing, Intelligible sentence structure, exact and fluctuated word decision, and revising spelling, language, and mechanics. I have consistently have issues around there in school since I didnt realize communicate clear In my composed and If it was an exhausting point It was difficult for me to expound on in light of the fact that It was meeting that was not fascinating to me. I intend to chip away at this territory later on by approaching my instructors for help and direction with my composition. This will Impact my accomplishment In school since I would have the option to break down and Interpret school level materials with no Issues. Oral imparting would be the second shortcomings since I make some hard memories figuring out how to comprehend data in various verbal and nonverbal messages. Again this was something I battled with as a kid since I didnt like doing introduction in front my class so I would not do it since I was timid to talk before individuals and felt like it was calling out light. I intend to chip away at this zone later on by noticing letting my pride impede me doing what I got the chance to do when comes to doing introductions before individuals. This will affect my achievement in school I will be progressively sure to accomplish my work. : Last zone I would consider a shortcoming would be Critical Thinking and Problem Solving since I dont utilize fitting critical thinking strategy when I get frantic. It is difficult for me to control my resentment and manage certain circumstance proficient. So what I have discovered to go is Just leave I find that to help well. I intend to chip away at this territory later on by not letting individuals get to me and attempt to think before I act. This will affect my achievement in school by being the greater individual in specific circumstances.

Writing Essay Sample - Using 6th Grade Writing Essay Samples

Writing Essay Sample - Using 6th Grade Writing Essay SamplesIf you're struggling with writing a good essay, you may find writing a 6th grade writing essay samples helpful. Many of the best writing teachers prefer them. Also, students and parents use them because they are easy to access and compare. There are many kinds of writing assignments you can complete for your assignment.It can take time and effort to write a whole essay. With this in mind, if you are not writing as much as you should be, you will struggle with writing. You must practice writing all the time if you want to get to the next level. Not only will it help you improve your writing skills, it will also increase your confidence. The more you write, the better your grade will be.There are many benefits to writing. It can help you get into college and give you a leg up on other students who have already achieved their goals. If you are struggling with a certain topic and you don't have the time to do so, a writing lesso n is perfect for you.Taking these writing lesson resources is easy, there are a lot of websites that offer writing essay samples. To see the ones that you can look at, type 'writing essay samples' into your search engine. Usually you will find these lessons in topics such as drama, spelling, math, grammar, and writing for adults. They even offer some for younger children. However, you may find some that are not appropriate for your needs.You will have to choose what is best for you and find out how the teacher views the lesson. Most of them do not offer what is required in writing an essay and they don't provide enough examples. They usually give many examples but they only give four or five pages in length.That means that they might not provide you with a good essay. If you decide to look at one of these writing lesson plans, be sure to do some research on it before you take the class. There may be many good lessons, but they can only be found through the web.In order to get the fo rmal writing experience, you will need to take an advanced writing class. These lessons can help you get into college and help you become a better writer. So take advantage of the opportunities that are available and take the class to be sure you are getting the proper lessons.One of the most popular ways to take a writing lesson is by using essays written by others. This way you can check how they write and see how they handle their essay topics. This can give you ideas about how you should approach the same topic. With this method, you can always come back to it if you need to and the lessons can give you tips on how to write a great essay.

Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant Essay

Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant The middle Ages were dark and gloomy. People lived in castles and rode on horses. They constantly fought each other with swords and shields. That mainly sums up the Middle Ages, right a world with no technology sounds almost horrifying. However, there were many forms of â€Å"Medieval Technology.† Of course they didn’t have electricity or batteries in the middle Ages, but that’s not all technology is. Technology is the application of science, especially in industry or commerce. So basically, anything that improves or makes life easier is a form of technology. With that in mind, the invention of those swords, shields, and castles of the middle†¦show more content†¦Hence, the windmill and water mill of the middle Ages were very important industrial advancements. Medieval Industrial Technology has also been characterized by many agricultural improvements. Medieval farmers used the heavy plough to loosen soil for seed planting. It originated in Asia Minor, but was later used in Northern Europe. These ploughs were normally mounted on two wheels, and pulled by several horses or oxen. The heavy plough was also used to rid uncultivated land of weeds and other vegetation. Even though it did not destroy most plant root systems, it did expose them to the air, which inhibited their growth. The â€Å"ditches† created by the plough also slowed erosion caused by heavy rains. Before the heavy plough, most medieval farmers used a â€Å"lighter† plough. Unlike the heavy plough, horses and oxen did not pull the light plough. This was a major difference in the effectiveness of the light plough. The horse collar or horse harness was only used with the heavy plough. The collar puts the workload on the horse’s shoulders instead of the back or neck, such as in earlier models. The horse collar allowed horses to use more power without straining their necks or backs. Medieval Farming benefited immensely from these two important, agricultural inventions. Medieval Construction and building also benefited from the invention of the horse collar. TheShow MoreRelatedFrench Literacy Dbq Essay6211 Words   |  25 Pagesthat promoted or discouraged the spread of literacy. Analysis of fourteen documents for the DBQ â€Å"Literacy in France† essay question: Document # 1: Document # 1 was a comparison of the degree of literacy in France between the seventeenth and late eighteenth century as well as between men and women. During the reign of Louis XIV (1638 – 1715), focusing on the years from 1686 to 1690, merely more than forty percent of the French men were literate in the northern parts of the country (around ParisRead MoreStalin vs. Trotsky Essay3293 Words   |  14 Pagesthe hut in which he was born is preserved by a temple-like structure erected over it. As a boy he attended a church school in Gori and then the theological seminary in Tiflis. Today the seminary has been converted into a museum of medieval Georgian art. Young Joseph joined a Marxist society known as Mesame-Dasi while a student at the seminary, but it is not clear whether this had anything to do with his expulsion in 1899. During the next two years his Marxism crystallizedRead MoreNovels and Words: Notes2094 Words   |  9 Pagesdenote co-eternal binary opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been diluted in general or common usages. Dualism can refer to moral dualism, (e.g. the conflict between good and evil), mind-body or mind-matter dualism (e.g. Cartesian Dualism) or physical dualism (e.g. the Chinese Yin and Yang). Dualism holds to the belief that there are two elements of existence: Physical and Spiritual. Cave Is a natural underground space large enough forRead Moresociology4813 Words   |  20 Pagesstrong grip of caste system started getting loose with the introduction of cash crops and also many land reform policies that was introduced to work in favor of the british. these reforms consequentely gave rise to a different class structure in the agragrian society. the zamindars now had full ownership right on the land whereas the peasants who had been actually cultivating the land became tenants of the new landlords. the changes led to indebtness among the peasants and the moneylenders and big landownersRead MoreCauses in the Rise of Italian Fascism: 1870 to 1922 Essay2980 Words   |  12 Pagesmostly rural and agricultural, with 60% of the population working, or more accurately existing, on the land. (Lintner, 2001, p.173) Agriculture was thus an important factor to consider for the countrys subsistence, but it was badly suffering from medieval methods, and deep differences of soil fert ility between the regions. Predictably, the most advanced farming was found in the North. In the South, the deforestation of the last century had all but drained the soil of its fertility, and share-croppersRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagespower, which itself has two sources. First, it depends on the ability of the group in question to solve its collective action problem, i.e., to ensure that people act together, even when any individual may have an incentive to free ride. For example, peasants in the Middle Ages, who were given no political power by the constitution, could sometimes solve the collective action problem and undertake a revolt against the authorities. Second, the de facto power of a group depends on its economic resourcesRead MoreThe Rise and Rule of Single-Party States7795 Words   |  32 Pages1919. †¢ Occupation of Fiume. In September 1919, a volunteer force led by the poet Gabrielle DAnnunzio took over Fiume. They were not driven out until January 1921. †¢ Soviets began establishing Soviets in 1920. Workers took over 600 factories. †¢ Peasants began simply taking land. Paragraph: Mussolini’s background †¢ Mussolini was the son of a blacksmith, and actively involved in Politics. †¢ Editor of the Avanti, an official socialist newspaper. †¢ Fought in the war, but was hurt in an army trainingRead MoreKnowledge Management and People7149 Words   |  29 Pagesonly from strength. One cannot build performance on weaknesses, let alone on something one cannot do at all. Throughout history, people had little need to know their strengths. A person was born into a position and a line of work: The peasant s son wouid also be a peasant; the artisan s daughter, an artisan s wife; and so on. But now people have choices. We need to know our strengths in order to know where we belong. HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Success in the knowledge economy comes to those who knowRead MoreThe Historical Transformation of Work14383 Words   |  58 Pagesgathering Gardening Farming Manufacturing Services (and information processing) Early modern period Late modern period Pre-modern period Hunting and gathering 40,000 BP + to 10,000 (i.e., ‘Stone Age’) (or 8,000 BP) Horticultural Agrarian Industrial capitalist Post-industrial/ Informational/Global capitalism Note: BP: 10,000 BP to 5,000 (or 3,000 BP) 5,000 BP BP to late 18th century 19th and 20th centuries Late 20th century and early 21st century Before the present. Source: Pre-modern and early modernRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesZiel des Weisen von Pseudo-Magriti, Translated into German from the Arabic by Hellmut Ritter and Martin Plessner, London, The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1962 French B. Bakhouche, F. Fauquier, B. Pà ©rez-Jean: Picatrix Un traità © de magie mà ©dià ©val. 388 p., 130 x 210 mm, 2003, Paperback ISBN 2-503-51068-X, EUR 37.91. Newest critical edition. French S. Matton, La magie arabe traditionelle, Paris, 1977 (incomplete) Latin Picatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghà ¢yat Al-Hakà ®m, ed. David Pingree

The Destruction Of The Holocaust - 933 Words

Modernity brings about new ideas, technology, government and people together. People coming together from different cultures can create a feeling of superiority or inferiority, us vs. them. Although modernity bought anti-Semitism its â€Å"peculiar virulence†, in which Jews were resented simultaneously as both masses and elites, it was not the sole reason for the Holocaust. Those who insist that mass hatred and murder are natural among humans are incorrect, because anti-Semitism did not cause â€Å"inhabitants of a town or a village to simply fallen upon their Jewish neighbors and slaughtered them.† Yet, when asked about the cause of the Holocaust, many readily assume it to be anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism existed throughout Europe before Nazis ascend to power and continues to exist in Europe, but nothing like the Holocaust has or is taking place because of only anti-Semitism. Zimbardo’s theories explains why it isn’t cannot only be antisemitism because hum an are not evil, but evil is the exercise of power to exercise intentionally, harm(psychologically), hurt(physically), destroy(mortally) and commit crime against humanity. These neighbors who associated with Jews during Weimar, changed when Nazis came to power some Germans joined the SS, Gestapo and other Nazi roles. It was then their environment that changed them, which was not innate. Psychologically speaking, being around a hostile and violent environment can influence humans to turn that way. Under the Weimar Republic, aShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction Of The Holocaust1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthe heinous crimes of the Holocaust through the change of characterization of Elie before, during and after the events of Wiesel s 1940 memoir-Night. The Holocaust is remembered as a stain on history, where a massive genocide occurred. but we must also recognize the souls and personalities that were killed and burned. Wiesel trembling hands picked up these ashes, personifying their ebony remains into a young child-Elie. For every soul that suffered during the Holocaust, there was a backstory.Read MoreThe Holocaust : The Destruction Of The Jews1717 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is by far the worst genocide ever committed, with between 5 and 6 million Jews murdered; along with countless other minorities the Germans deemed inferior (The Holocaust Chronicle Appendices). The Holocaust began with the boycott of Jewish businesses, and ended in camps such as Auschwitz. The destruction of the Jews was made possibly with the rise of Adolf Hitler to power, as he and his fellow Nazi followers attempted to exterminate the Jewish populace of Europe. In the paragraphs toRead MoreNever to forget1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe book I read was Never To Forget The Jews of the Holocaust by Milton Meltzer. The book is written by Meltzer’s true story of the. It tells the story of when over five million Jewish people were massacred. The book has no characters. From beginning to end the book takes place in Ger many. It only tells the straight forward account of the Jewish Holocaust. He writes the story in an interesting view point because he is an old American Jew, watching events of the war from newspapers and radios. WritingRead MoreAnalysis Of Ori Gersht, An Israeli Photographer Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesalmost seems to replicate blood and agony. As an Israeli artist, his work can relate a lot to the experience of Jews and the Holocaust. This was a horrific event. This event showed us how the beauty of the human body can me mutilated and destroyed. This event showed us death, violence and made us rethink the human figure. These two pieces show both of these aspects of the Holocaust. The beauty of the flowers and the explosion is symbolism of how beauty was destroyed. The cityscape is a very beautifulRead MoreThe Holocaust And Its Effects On The Jews And The Rest Of The World1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust was a systematic government enforced persecution and murder of the Jews that took place throughout Nazi-occupied territories under the command of Adolf Hitler. Although the rest of the world did not suffer from the abuse, murder and isolation that the Jews endured, the brutal polices against Jews caused major destruction and sparked tremendous outrage globally. World War 2 erupted after Adolf Hitler won the electio n for Germany’s leader in 1933. Throughout the years, his dictatorshipRead MoreDenial of the Jewish Holocaust735 Words   |  3 Pagesextermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† A major part of the Holocaust genocide is denial. Holocaust denial is present in the United States, Europe, and Canada. These people, known as â€Å"revisionists† try to deny the extermination of six million Jews during World War II. The revisionists claim that there are no documents to prove the holocaust actually existed (Holocaust Denial n. pag). â€Å"The Holocaust, like evolution, is robustly supported and generally accepted by all but a fringeRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Causes Of Hate In The Holocaust1424 Words   |  6 PagesSometimes this hate can be so large it can be an influence for mass destruction. We have learned, or even have seen examples of hate turning into something bigger throughout our history. These examples include the multiple wars, ter rorist’s attacks, and genocides. Many of these incidents were drove by hate, and did not end well. What drives this hate? How can people turn on one another with just feeling hate towards them? The Holocaust being one of the many genocides in our history was indeed influencedRead MoreThe Ordinary Men of the Holocaust1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe average person’s understanding of the Holocaust is the persecution and mass murder of Jews by the Nazi’s, most are unaware that the people behind the atrocities of the Holocaust came from all over Europe and a wide variety of backgrounds. Art Spiegelman’s Maus: a Survivor’s Tale, Christopher Browning’s Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution, and Jan Gross’s Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedbwabne, Poland, all provides a different perspective on howRead MoreLife in the Ghettos: Controlling and Segret1328 Words   |  6 Pagescity’s Jews to l ive (United States United Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013). The creation of ghettos for Jews in Frankfurt, Rome, Prague, and other cities were ordered by various officials, ranging from local municipal authorities to the Austrian Emperor Charles V. (United States United Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013). German occupation authorities established the first ghetto in Poland in Piotrkow Trybunalski in October 1939 (United States United Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013). Ghettos were cityRead More HOLOCAUST Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesHOLOCAUST As tensions mounted up until the point of World War II and the war stormed through Europe, another battle silently raged. Not only did Hitler and the Nazi party wage war on countries throughout Europe, they also assaulted and purged entire innocent groups. The Holocaust began in 1933 and reached its height in WW II, while coming to an end with the war in 1945. Hitler used the Holocaust as a mechanism to rid his

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research - 913 Words

Qualitative research explains, describes and characterizes the subject of investigation by focusing on words rather than numbers. It mainly collect the non-numerical data to describe a problem and helps to create ideas for further research. In qualitative research, data is collected through focus groups, interviews, direct observation or evaluation of archival material such as newspapers. Qualitative research has a qualitative dimension and relies on background and context to analyze data. In this study, researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world. Though a qualitative research, a wide array of dimensions of the social world can be explored, including the texture and weave of everyday life, the understandings, experiences and imaginings or our research participants, the ways that social processes, institutions, discourses or relationships work, and the signifi cance of the meanings that they generate. Qualitative research involves an explanatory, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them (Pennsylvania State University, 2016). In order to conduct a qualitative study on pollution issues, one need to plan a research study. By following certain guidelines, a qualitative researchShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research : Qualitative And Quantitative Research854 Words   |  4 Pageswhat come to mind when thinking about qualitative and quantitative research. In other words, quantitative research utilizes numbers while qualitative research does not. Another noteworthy distinction between the two methods lies in data collection. Unlike qualitative research which is employed to transform data into statistics, qualitative research is utilized to gain a deeper understanding or underlying opinions, reasons and motivations. Quantitative research is exploratory in the sense that it attemptsRead MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research917 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to carry out my research, there were two feasible arguments to using qualitative research and quantitative methods. Qualitative research is recording information that express information about feelings, values and attitudes using words, whereas quantitative research uses data that is expressed in numerical form using descriptive and inferential statistics (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). Quantitative research is useful when measuring facts and is structured using characterised surveys and statisticalRead MoreQualitative Research On Quantitative Research1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe qualitative research method involves analysing data, such as words, pictures or objects. It is more subjective, and requires the researcher to interpret data in order to form thematic ideas. Quantitative research can gather a large amount of data that can be e asily organised and manipulated into reports for analysis. It often includes one to one interview. It utilises open- ended questions. This means that the researcher has to interpret their findings. Moreover, in qualitative research isRead MoreQuantitative Research : Qualitative Research825 Words   |  4 PagesPoints of Consideration for this Qualitative Research Skinner, Tagg, and Holloway (2000) stressed that engaging in qualitative research demands an understanding of some of the drawbacks associated with doing this type of research. A number of common concerns related to qualitative research are found in the literature. The time and resources involved in collecting and analyzing qualitative data are mentioned frequently (e.g., Creswell, 1998; Skinner, Tagg, Holloway, 2000). A related concern involvesRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research is a kind of of scientific research which consists of an analysis that look for answers to a question, systematically uses a specific procedures to answer the question, gathers evidence, generate findings that are legit farther the limits of the study. Qualitative research has these characteristics. As an addition, it looks for to analyze the research problem or motif from the aspect of the local people who involves the study. Qualitati ve research is particularly effectiveRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research explains, describes and characterizes the subject of investigation by focusing on words rather than numbers. It mainly collects the non-numerical data to describe a problem and helps to create ideas for further research. In qualitative research, data are collected through focus groups, interviews, direct observation or evaluation of archival material such as newspapers. Qualitative research has a qualitative dimension and relies on the background and context to analyze data.Read MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research1675 Words   |  7 Pages Qualitative research and Quantitative research Qualitative research Defilation Qualitative research is a method used in different academic disciplines, generally in social science, but also in research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to attain detailed understanding of human behavior rand the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smallerRead MoreQuantitative and Qualitative Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesQuantitative and Qualitative Research Sheri Doubleday May 16, 2011 Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e.g., scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e.g., verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. amp; Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Read MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Ca sebeer, 1997)Read MoreQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Research1972 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of research, there are two general approaches to gathering and reporting information qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach to research is focused on understanding a phenomenon from a closer perspective. The quantitative approach tends to approximate phenomena from a large number of individuals using survey methods. There has been widespread debate in recent years within many of the social sciences regarding the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies

Some might say it is unethical... free essay sample

Some might say it is unethical to abort an unborn fetus. Others think it is unethical to cheat on a test. But what about gene therapy? More specifically, germline gene therapy. Germline gene therapy is a technique used to eliminate diseases from someones DNA so it does not show up again in future generations. Note that this affects the person receiving the procedure and their future children. There are many arguments for and against germline gene therapy, including is it ethically acceptable, do the benefits outweigh the risks, is it affordable, is it really needed, and does it consider human rights. The first major component of questioning whether or not germline gene therapy is ethical is asking Is it ethically acceptable? Well, in 1993 the Gene Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC) was formed in the United Kingdom. Its main purpose is to supervise the use of gene therapy. All applications for gene therapy must be approved by the GTACs research Ethics Committee (REC). This helps stop applications from being accepted if theyre for reasons that are not non-medical, like designer babies. However, on the other end of the spectrum, some think gene therapy is not ethical. It can result in misuse like handpicking particular characteristics without regards to if it is good for the next generations health. Much like a certain infamous event in history, it could be used to pick certain characteristics to improve the population. Finally, it could lead to society not being accepting of people who are different, perhaps genetically modified. We already have enough problems with society not being accepting. But if you are really worried about that being a problem, no one said you had to tell anyone you are genetically modified. You may be wondering about the benefits and risks of gene therapy. Do they outweigh each other? Some say yes because it erases disease causing mutations that will be genetically passed down. This prevents future generations from ever inheriting the disease and allows them to have a good, long, nice life with no worries health-wise. Some say no, that gene therapys benefits do not outweigh the risks. It is too unpredictable. If the diseases was successfully eradicated, other mutations could pop up. Besides, gene therapy sometimes does not even work, or it works temporarily but then the disease comes back. It would have been for nothing if you spent all this money and it did not even work. It would be better to wait till technology has improved. Also, gene therapy targets the reproductive cells, so if anything were to go wrong, it would affect the hosts offspring. There are always risks with things like this, so it is really up to the person if they want to go ahead with it and still potentially not even be fixed. Like all medical procedures, cost is a big worry and can sometimes be a problem. Since gene therapy is still in its first stages, it is mighty expensive. If you live in a part of the world where there is no free healthcare, getting gene therapy may not be an option if you can not afford it. It could cost up to $1 million for just a single treatment. Even so, some people think the cost is worth it. You must think long term; if a disease can be eliminated and therefore not exist in a population, the overall cost of the treatment is worth it in the long run. Once gene therapy has been perfected and constructs a cost-effective way of dispersing it throughout the world, it will become cheaper. Also to take into account is how extreme the disease is. If you are eliminating a gene for cancer, then yes, it is worth it. If you are eliminating a gene for bad eyesight, maybe not. Bad eyesight is something you can live with. Cancer is not. By now you might be thinking is gene therapy even really needed? There sure have been a lot of medical advances since the beginning of time. It does not seem so unbelievable that editing your genes is a possibility. In favor of it, it will in the long run terminate diseases like Huntingtons disease from the population, which would obviously be very beneficial. The process for this would be similar to how polio, smallpox, and rinderpest were terminated; through global vaccination programs. It may even be easier than getting rid of those diseases since polio and smallpox are so contagious and genetic diseases are not. Against gene therapy, there is the argument that it is not successful enough to rule out the need for post-fertilization screening of embryos. Furthermore, gene therapy has a ton of steps and includes risks for the embryo. For now, I feel as though we have survived this long without gene therapy, we can probably survive for a long time more. Although it would be nice to not have to worry about getting a disease. Finally, perhaps the most controversial question, does it consider human rights? Some may argue that that does not matter because the human in question has not even necessarily been conceived yet. No unborn child is able to choose their genetics or characteristics and whether they have a disease or not. Some also say that children modified through gene therapy do not give permission or consent for their genes to be changed. In a survey taken by Alyssa Armsby and a professor of genetics named Kelly E. Ormond to see peoples thoughts on if gene therapy is ethical or not, it was found that 51% said it is unacceptable. The other 26% said it was okay. Note, though, that some of the 51% that voted unethical did so because of religious beliefs or reasons, as well as because of knowledge of gene therapy. Maybe more learning is required for people to accept it. Overall though, since it is regulated, gene therapy would ultimately benefit the child because it is eliminating diseases from their genes. You would not be editing their physical characteristics. Is that not a good thing? Would you rather your child have a gene for Alzheimers and forgetting everyone and everything? Or would you rather them live a long life to a ripe old age and never forget a thing about the great life you gave them by getting gene therapy? In the end, the choice to get gene therapy is entirely, completely up to you. If you choose to not get it because you believe it is unethical, then it will not be the end of the world for you. Millions of people have diseases and fight through it their whole lives; you can too. If it is too expensive, do not worry. It is likely no one else has gotten gene therapy, because no one has gotten a small loan of a million dollars.